Until now, many researches’ collective conclusion is that low level visible rays such as red color, ,and near-infrared ray is absorbed by mitochondria which results in a more enhanced activation of ATP synthesis for cellular use. This process is followed by gene transcription and produced balanced ROS that induces cellular repair and cure. Important part of this process is to pierce through the blocked chain of neurons using nitric oxide (NO), and nitric oxide is released and returns to the system. Nitric oxide is a molecule that helps the transport and communicating of 60 trillion cells through signals. Also, it expands vessels and enhances circulation.
Pathway
- NO (Nitric Oxide)
- ROS (Reactive Oxygen Series) → PKD (gene) → IkB (suppressor κB) + NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) → NF-κB (nuclear factor or κB stimulates gene transcription)
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) → cAMP (catabolite activator protein) → Jun/Fos (carcinogenic transcription factor) → AP-1 (activated protein transcription stimulates gene transcription)
NO: (Nitric Oxide, •NO; nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas, and is a a form of compound with oxidized nitrogen. Fundamentally nitric oxide includes free radical, a chemical form of an unpaired electron (the dot indicates the unpaired electron in •NO). Nitric oxide is also a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, and is a critical molecule that has led the modern theory of atomic linkage. It is formed from an amino acid, Arginine, from the cell. As a signaling substance, it is involved in various physiological processes such as vessel expansion and signaling. (source: encyclopedia of molecular cell biology)
ROS: Reactive oxygen species: common reactive oxygen species includes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide ion (O2 -), singlet oxygen: (1O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH). Active oxygen normally functions as a disinfectant by attacking the pathogenic bacterium. However, for some reason, imbalance (too much) active oxygen will lead to attacking normal cells such as hydroxyl radical. ROS that increases by a certain spectrum of light source is known to have the ability to execute gene transcription as a protective response of oxidative stress, such as 2 signalling pathways that is activated upon pathogen invasion. In essence, for this reason, ROS produced through light irradiation acts as an antioxidant.